Czech J. Anim. Sci., 2026, 71(7):308-318 | DOI: 10.17221/68/2026-CJAS

Rumen-protected gambir catechins encapsulated using CaO-PFAD: Their effects on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and methane production in vitroOriginal Paper

Roni Pazla ORCID...1, Asmuddin Natsir ORCID...2, Dewi Febrina ORCID...3, Mardiati Zain ORCID...1, Arief Arief ORCID...1, Antonius Antonius ORCID...4, Zaitul Ikhlas ORCID...1, Yolani Utami ORCID...1, Ezi Masdia Putri ORCID...4, Gusri Yanti ORCID...5, Yanuar Achadri ORCID...4, Sharli Asmairicen ORCID...4, Ida Andriani ORCID...6
1 Faculty of Animal Science, Andalas University, Padang, Indonesia
2 Faculty of Animal Science, Hasanuddin University, Makassar, Indonesia
3 Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Science, Sultan Syarif Kasim State Islamic University of Riau, Pekanbaru, Indonesia
4 Research Center for Animal Husbandry, National Research and Innovation Agency, Cibinong, Indonesia
5 Faculty of Social, Science and Education, Prima Nusantara Bukittinggi University, Bukittinggi, Indonesia
6 Research Center for Behavioral and Circular Economic, National Research and Innovation Agency, Jakarta, Indonesia

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of rumen-protected gambir catechins encapsulated using calcium oxide (CaO) and palm fatty acid distillate (PFAD) on rumen fermentation profiles, microbial activity, nutrient digestibility, and methane production in vitro. A randomised block design was used, consisting of four treatments and five replicates. The treatments were assigned based on different levels of gambir catechin-CaO-PFAD encapsulate supplementation, namely 0% (A), 5% (B), 10% (C), and 15% (D) in the diet. The results indicated that the treatments significantly affected NH3 concentration, partial VFA profiles, methane production, microbial protein synthesis, degradation, and nutrient digestibility (P < 0.05), but no significant treatment effects were detected for total VFA, pH, or microbial biomass (P > 0.05). Treatment C produced the highest concentrations of propionate, microbial protein synthesis, degradation, and nutrient digestibility, while reducing methane production and the acetate to propionate ratio. The Cao-PFAD-encapsulated gambir catechin supplementation improved rumen fermentation efficiency, as indicated by increased propionate concentration, microbial protein synthesis, nutrient digestibility, and reduced methane production. Thus, gambir catechin-CaO-PFAD encapsulates could be used as a functional feed supplement to improve nutrient utilisation and mitigate enteric methane emissions in ruminant livestock.

Keywords: enteric methane mitigation; functional supplement; microbial protein; SDG 13; volatile fatty acids

Received: June 2, 2026; Accepted: June 29, 2026; Prepublished online: July 27, 2026; Published: July 28, 2026  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Pazla R, Natsir A, Febrina D, Zain M, Arief A, Antonius A, et al.. Rumen-protected gambir catechins encapsulated using CaO-PFAD: Their effects on rumen fermentation, nutrient digestibility, and methane production in vitro. Czech Journal of Animal Science. 2026;71(7):308-318. doi: 10.17221/68/2026-CJAS.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Aboagye IA, Beauchemin KA. Potential of molecular weight and structure of tannins to reduce methane emissions from ruminants: A review. Animals (Basel). 2019 Oct 23;9(11):856. Go to original source...
    2. Almassri N, Trujillo FJ, Terefe NS. Microencapsulation technology for delivery of enzymes in ruminant feed. Front Vet Sci. 2024 Jul 12;11:1352375. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    3. Antonius A, Ginting SP, Pazla R, Ikhlas Z. Effectiveness of adding molasses and gambier leaf extract on the quality of Indigofera zollingeriana silage. IOP Conf Ser Earth Environ Sci. 2025 May;1497(1):012049. Go to original source...
    4. AOAC International. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International. 21st ed. Rockville (MD): AOAC International; 2019.
    5. Astuti PK, Ayoob A, Strausz P, Vakayil B, Kumar SH, Kusza S. Climate change and dairy farming sustainability; A causal loop paradox and its mitigation scenario. Heliyon. 2024 Jan 24;10(3):e25200. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Beauchemin KA, Ungerfeld EM, Eckard RJ, Wang M. Review: Fifty years of research on rumen methanogenesis: Lessons learned and future challenges for mitigation. Animal. 2020 Mar;14(S1):s2-16. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Chiariotti A. Rumen environmental and nutritional strategies to mitigate emissions from livestock. Cuban J Agric Sci. 2023;57:e14.
    8. Conway EJ, O'Malley E. Microdiffusion methods. Ammonia and urea using buffered absorbents (revised methods for ranges greater than 10 mug. N). Biochem J. 1942 Sep;36(7-9):655-61. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    9. Fievez V, Babayemi OJ, Demeyer D. Estimation of direct and indirect gas production in syringes: A tool to estimate short chain fatty acid production that requires minimal laboratory facilities. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2005 Sep;123-124:197-210. Go to original source...
    10. Frona D, Szendarak J, Harangi-Rakos M. The challenge of feeding the world. Sustainability. 2019 Oct;11(20):5816. Go to original source...
    11. Jayanegara A, Goel G, Makkar HPS, Becker K. Divergence between purified hydrolysable and condensed tannin effects on methane emission, rumen fermentation and microbial population in vitro. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2015 Aug;209:60-8. Go to original source...
    12. Jenkins TC, Harvatine KJ. Lipid feeding and milk fat depression. Vet Clin North Am Food Anim Pract. 2014 Nov;30(3):623-42. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. Loregian KE, Pereira DAB, Rigon F, Magnani E, Marcondes MI, Baumel EA, Branco RH, Del Bianco Benedeti P, Paula EM. Effect of tannin inclusion on the enhancement of rumen undegradable protein of different protein sources. Ruminants. 2023 Nov;3(4):413-24. Go to original source...
    14. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951 Nov;193(1):265-75. Go to original source...
    15. Martin C, Morgavi DP, Doreau M. Methane mitigation in ruminants: From microbe to the farm scale. Animal. 2010 Mar;4(3):351-65. Go to original source...
    16. Matra M, Suriyapha C, Dagaew G, Prachumchai R, Phupaboon S, Sommai S, Wanapat M. Advantageous effects of rumen-protected phytonutrients from tropical plant extracts on rumen fermentation efficiency and methane mitigation using in vitro fermentation technique. Anim Biosci. 2025 Mar;38(3):489-500. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    17. Ogimoto K, Imai S. Atlas of rumen microbiology. Tokyo: Japan Scientific Societies Press; 1981. 231 p.
    18. Palmquist DL, Jenkins TC. A 100-year review: Fat feeding of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci. 2017 Dec;100(12):10061-77. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Patra AK, Saxena J. Exploitation of dietary tannins to improve rumen metabolism and ruminant nutrition. J Sci Food Agric. 2011 Jan 15;91(1):24-37. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Pazla R, Antonius, Jamarun N, Elihasridas, Arief, Ikhlas Z, Yanti G, Fitri Y, Hidayat MZ, Ardani LR. Gambier leaf catechins as potential natural feed additives to improve digestibility and mitigate methane emissions in ruminants. J Anim Behav Biometeorol. 2025a May;13(2):e2025005. Go to original source...
    21. Pazla R, Antonius, Jamarun N, Elihasridas, Ikhlas Z, Fitri Y, Rohaeni ES, Usman, Rostiana O, Waryat, Setyadjit, Lintang M, Yani A, Joseph GH, Marlina L, Ardinal. Encapsulated gambier catechin-palm fatty acid distillate as an antibacterial and antioxidant feed additive and its effects on rumen fermentation products. Results Eng. 2025b Jun;27:105914. Go to original source...
    22. Phesatcha B, Phesatcha K, Ampapon T, Wanapat M. Using Azolla (Azolla microphylla) leaf meal and phytonutrient powder on rumen fermentation efficiency and nutrient degradability using in vitro technique. Anim Biosci. 2025 Apr;38(4):673-81. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    23. Poli CHEC, Tontini JF, Jacondino LR, Villalba JJ, Muir JP, Tedeschi LO. Plant tannin for grazing ruminant growth. Anim Front. 2025 Aug 6;15(3):47-58. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Reddy RD, Chaudhary P, Tyagi N, Mohini M, Mondal G. Evaluation of rumen methane emission in Sahiwal and Gir calves supplemented with a combination of methanogenic inhibitors. Methane. 2023 May;2(2):241-51. Go to original source...
    25. Sommai S, Suntara C, Matra M, Phupaboon S, Dagaew G, Suriyapha C, Prachumchai R, Wanapat M. Effects of microencapsulated phytonutrients from fruit peel pellet on rumen fermentation efficiency, in vitro degradability, methane production and microbial diversity. Anim Biosci. 2025 Jul;38(7):1435-45. Go to original source...
    26. Tilley JMA, Terry RA. A two-stage technique for the in vitro digestion of forage crops. Grass Forage Sci. 1963 Jun;18(2):104-11. Go to original source...
    27. Ungerfeld EM. Metabolic hydrogen flows in rumen fermentation: Principles and possibilities of interventions. Front Microbiol. 2020 Apr 15;11:589. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Wei H, Liu J, Liu M, Zhang H, Chen Y. Rumen fermentation and microbial diversity of sheep fed a high-concentrate diet supplemented with hydroethanolic extract of walnut green husks. Anim Biosci. 2024 Apr;37(4):655-67. Go to original source...
    29. Wu G, Bazer FW, Johnson GA, Satterfield MC, Washburn SE. Metabolism and nutrition of L-glutamate and L-glutamine in ruminants. Animals (Basel). 2024 Jun 14;14(12):1788. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Zhang X, Zhang Z, Zhu H, Hu G, Xin H, Liu J, Lin X, Xie X, Jiao P. Effect of active and heat-killed Clostridium butyricum on in vitro gas production, ruminal fermentation parameters, and microbiota at varying media pH levels. Anim Biosci. 2026 Jan;39(1):240913. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0), which permits use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content