Czech J. Anim. Sci., 2025, 70(6):242-252 | DOI: 10.17221/29/2025-CJAS

The role of spent coffee ground extracts as natural antioxidant supplements in the diet of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)Original Paper

Khamanitjaree Saripan1, Urailuck Pongket2, Suriya Udduang2, Supalug Kattakdad2
1 Faculty of Science and Technology, Thepsatri Rajabhat University, Lopburi, Thailand
2 Faculty of Agriculture and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Isan Surin Campus, Surin, Thailand

This study evaluated the potential of spent coffee grounds extract (CGE) as an antioxidant supplement in the diet of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Four experimental diets with varying CGE levels were formulated: 0% (CGE0, control), 2% (CGE2), 4% (CGE4), and 6% (CGE6). Nile tilapia (initial mean body weight = 38.65 ± 0.85 g) were cultured in fiberglass tanks at a stocking density of 20 fish/m2 under continuous aeration. The fish were fed three times daily at 5% of their total body weight. After an 8-week experimental period, the fish fed CGE-supplemented diets exhibited significantly higher growth rate compared to the control group, with CGE4 showing the most pronounced improvement in final body weight (P = 0.027) and weight gain (P = 0.050). However, no significant differences were observed in average daily growth (P = 0.054), specific growth rate (P = 0.256), survival rate (P = 0.487), and feed conversion ratio (P = 0.105) between the dietary treatments. Fish on the CGE6 diet exhibited the highest total plasma protein (P = 0.001) and immunoglobulin levels (P = 0.000). Moreover, CGE supplementation enhanced superoxide dismutase (P = 0.000) and glutathione peroxidase (P = 0.016) activities relative to the control group. The histopathological analysis showed significantly longer intestinal villi in fish fed CGE-supplemented diets, with the longest villi observed in the CGE6 group (P = 0.000). Fish fillets from the CGE6 group exhibited the highest springiness, while hardness was comparable between CGE6 and CGE4 but significantly higher than in CGE2 and CGE0. Additionally, CGE supplementation significantly influenced the colour expression, increasing lightness (L*) while decreasing redness (a*) and yellowness (b*) values. These findings indicate that 4% CGE supplementation is the most effective concentration, as it significantly promotes growth as evidenced by the highest weight gain, while also enhancing blood biochemical parameters, flesh quality, and antioxidative responses in Nile tilapia.

Keywords: antioxidative activity; feed additive; fish feed; growth performance

Received: March 1, 2025; Accepted: June 5, 2025; Prepublished online: June 27, 2025; Published: June 30, 2025  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Saripan K, Pongket U, Udduang S, Kattakdad S. The role of spent coffee ground extracts as natural antioxidant supplements in the diet of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Czech J. Anim. Sci. 2025;70(6):242-252. doi: 10.17221/29/2025-CJAS.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Abdel-Tawwab M. Incorporating roasted coffee bean into Nile tilapia diets does not improve growth performance. J Appl Aquac. 2015 Mar 9;27(1):87-93. Go to original source...
    2. Abdel-Tawwab M, Sharafeldin KM, Ismaiel NEM. Interactive effects of coffee bean supplementation and waterborne zinc toxicity on growth performance, biochemical variables, antioxidant activity and zinc bioaccumulation in whole body of common carp, Cyprinus carpio L. Aquacult Nutr. 2017 Mar 17;24(1):1-8. Go to original source...
    3. Adams DO, Hamilton TA. The cell biology of macrophage activation. Ann Rev Immunol. 1984 Apr;2(1):283-318. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Afriansyah A, Setiawati M, Suprayudi MA, Fauzi IA. Evaluation of dietary coffee Coffee canephora husk supplementation on the growth, blood chemicals, and antioxidative activity of red Nile tilapia Oreochromis sp.. J Akuakultur Indones. 2023 Jan;22(1):18-26. Go to original source...
    5. Ali MM, Elashry MA, Mohammady EY, Soaudy MR, El-Garhy HS, El-Erian MA, Mustafa A, Abouelsoud M, Ragaza JA, El-Haroun ER, Hassaan MS. Dietary alpha-monolaurin for Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus): Stimulatory effects on growth, immunohematological indices, and immune-related gene expressions. Aquac Res. 2023 May 11;3155447:1-13. Go to original source...
    6. Angeloni S, Nzekoue FK, Navarini L, Sagratini G, Torregiani E, Vittori S, Caprioli G. An analytical method for the simultaneous quantification of 30 bioactive compounds in spent coffee ground by HPLC-MS/MS. J Mass Spectrom. 2020 Nov;55(11):e4519. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. AOAC - Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Animal feed. 18th ed. Maryland, USA: Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 2005. p. 24-44.
    8. Brigelius-Flohe R, Traber MG. Vitamin E: Function and metabolism. FASEB J. 1999 Jul;13(10):1145-55. Go to original source...
    9. Campos-Vega R, Loarca-Pina G, Vergara-Castaneda HA, Oomah BD. Spent coffee grounds: A review on current research and future prospects. Trends Food Sci Technol. 2015 Sep;45(1):24-36. Go to original source...
    10. El-Sayed AFM, Fitzsimmons K. From Africa to the world - The journey of Nile tilapia. Rev Aquac. 2023 Feb;15:6-21. Go to original source...
    11. Esquivel P, Jimenez VM. Functional properties of coffee and coffee by-products. Food Res Int. 2012 May;46(2):488-95. Go to original source...
    12. Fanali C, Della PS, Dugo L, Gentili A, Mondello L, De Gara L. Choline chloride and betaine-based deep eutectic solvents for green extraction of nutraceutical compounds from spent coffee ground. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2020 Sep 10;189:113421. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture. Rome, Italy: FAO; 2022.
    14. FAO - Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. The state of world fisheries and aquaculture 2018 - Meeting the sustainable development goals. Rome, Italy: FAO; 2018.
    15. Fontana CM, Sumon MAA, Wannavijit S, Lubis AR, Khongdee N, Linh NV, Phimolsiripol Y, Hoseinifar SH, Van Doan H. Effects of mango seed (Mangifera indica) powder on growth performance, immune response, gut morphology, and gene expression of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Fishes. 2024 Dec 16;9(12):514. Go to original source...
    16. Glowacka R, Gorska A, Wirkowska-Wojdyla M, Wolosiak R, Majewska E, Derewiaka D. The influence of brewing method on bioactive compounds residues in spent coffee grounds of different roasting degree and geographical origin. Int J Food Sci Technol. 2019 May 28;54:3008-14. Go to original source...
    17. He M, Wang K, Liang X, Fang J, Geng Y, Chen Z, Pu H, Hu Y, Li X, Liu L. Effects of dietary vitamin E on growth performance as well as intestinal structure and function of channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus, Rafinesque 1818). Exp Ther Med. 2017 Dec;14(6):5703-10. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Jewel MAS, Ara J, Haque MA, Hossain MA, Md Noor N, Das SK. Effect of stocking density on the growth, body composition, and blood parameters of cage-reared Gangetic mystus catfish (Mystus cavasius). Aquac Rep. 2023 Feb;28:101428. Go to original source...
    19. Leyva-Lopez N, Peraza-Arias M, Avalos-Soriano A, Hernandez C, Lizarraga-Velazquez CE, Heredia JB. Polyphenolic extracts from spent coffee grounds prevent H2O2-induced oxidative stress in Centropomus viridis brain cells. Molecules. 2021 Oct 14;26(20):6195. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Liang N, Kitts DD. Antioxidant property of coffee components: Assessment of methods that define mechanisms of action. Molecules. 2014 Nov 19;19(11):19180-208. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Li ZM, Wang XL, Jin XM, Huang JQ, Wang LS. The effect of selenium on antioxidant system in aquaculture animals. Front Physiol. 2023 Apr 26;14:1153511. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem. 1951 Nov;193(1):256-75. Go to original source...
    23. Luque-Rodriguez JM, Luque de Castro MD, Perez-Juan P. Dynamic superheated liquid extraction of anthocyanins and other phenolics from red grape skins of winemaking residues. Bioresour Technol. 2007 Oct;98(14):2705-13. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Maier T, Schieber A, Kammerer DR, Carle R. Residues of grape (Vitis vinifera L.) seed oil production as valuable source of phenolic antioxidants. Food Chem. 2009 Feb 1;112(3):551-9. Go to original source...
    25. Mata TM, Martins AA, Caetano NS. Bio-refinery approach for spent coffee grounds valorization. Bioresour Technol. 2018 Jan;247:1077-84. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Nuengchamnong N, Krittasilp K, Ingkaninan K. Rapid screening and identification of antioxidants in aqueous extracts of Houttuynia cordata using LC-ESIMS coupled with DPPH assay. Food Chem. 2009 May 4;117(4):750-6. Go to original source...
    27. NurSyahirah S, Rozzamri A. Effects of frying on fish, fish products and frying oil - A review. Food Res. 2022 Sep 4;6(5):14-32. Go to original source...
    28. Panzella L, Cerruti P, Ambrogi V, Agustin-Salazar S, Errico G, Carfagna C, Ischia M. A superior all-natural antioxidant biomaterial from spent coffee grounds for polymer stabilization, cell protection, and food lipid preservation. ACS Sustain Chem Eng. 2016 Jan 8;4(3):1169-79. Go to original source...
    29. Peng M, Xu W, Ai Q, Mai K, Liufu Z, Zhang K. Effects of nucleotide supplementation on growth, immune responses and intestinal morphology in juvenile turbot fed diets with graded levels of soybean meal (Scophthalmus maximus L.). Aquaculture. 2013 May 10;392-395:51-8. Go to original source...
    30. Prakash P, Doan HV. Effect of coffee silverskin enriched diet to enhance the immunological and growth parameters of Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). Arch Razi Inst. 2022 Jun 30;77(3):1281-9.
    31. Reverter M, Bontemps N, Lecchini D, Banaigs B, Sasal P. Use of plant extracts in fish aquaculture as an alternative to chemotherapy: Current status and future perspectives. Aquaculture. 2014 Sep 20;433:50-61. Go to original source...
    32. Robb DHF, Kestin SC. Methods used to kill fish: Field observations and literature reviewed. Anim Welf. 2002 Nov;11(3):269-82. Go to original source...
    33. Roslan NA, Sukri SAM, Wei LS, Shahjahan M, Rohani MF, Yea CS, Kabir MA, Guru A, Goh KW, Kallem P, Kari ZA. Replacement of fishmeal by fermented spent coffee ground: Effects on growth performance, feed stability, blood biochemistry, liver, and intestinal morphology of African catfish (Clarias gariepinus). Aquac Rep. 2024 Jun;36:102073. Go to original source...
    34. Sala-Rabanal M, Sanchez J, Ibarz A, Fernandez-Borras J, Blasco J, Gallardo MA. Effects of low temperature and fasting on hematology and plasma composition of gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata). Fish Physiol Biochem. 2003 May;29:105-15. Go to original source...
    35. Shoemaker CA, Klesius PH, Lim C, Yildirim M. Feed deprivation of channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatus (Rafinesque), influences organosomatic indices, chemical composition and susceptibility to Flavobacterium columnare. J Fish Dis. 2003 Sep;26:553-61. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Siwicki AK, Anderson DP, Rumsey GL. Dietary intake of immunostimulants by rainbow trout affect nonspecific immunity and protection against furunculosis. Vet Immunol Immunopathol. 1994 May;41:125-39. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    37. Tian S, Chen P, Wu Z, Wu Y, Yuan J, Huang D, Mai K, Zhang W. Dietary cottonseed protein concentrate affected the flesh texture and myofiber characteristics of large yellow croaker Larimichthys crocea. Aquaculture. 2024 Nov 15;592:741176. Go to original source...
    38. Van Doan H, Lumsangkul C, Hoseinifar SH, Harikrishnan R, Balasundaram C, Jaturasitha S. Effects of coffee silverskin on growth performance, immune response, and disease resistance of Nile tilapia culture under biofloc system. Aquaculture. 2021 May;543:736995. Go to original source...
    39. Van Doan H, Lumsangkul C, Hoseinifar SH, Jaturasitha S, Tran HQ, Chanbang Y, Ringo E, Stejskal V. Influences of spent coffee grounds on skin mucosal and serum immunities, disease resistance, and growth rate of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared under biofloc system. Fish Shellfish Immunol. 2022 Jan;120:67-74. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Wan F, Hou FJ, Yi B, Zhang HF. Physiological functions of chlorogenic acid and its application in livestock and poultry production. Chin J Anim Nutr. 2021 Jun;33(5):1-12.
    41. Wu F, Jiang M, Wen H, Liu W, Tian J, Yang C, Huang F. Dietary vitamin E effects on growth, fillet textural parameters, and antioxidant capacity of genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT), Oreochromis niloticus. Aquacult Int. 2017 Apr;25(2):991-1003. Go to original source...
    42. Xu G, Xing W, Yu H, Jiang N, Ma Z, Luo L, Li T. Evaluation of chlorogenic acid supplementation in koi (Cyprinus carpio) diet: Growth performance, body color, antioxidant activity, serum biochemical parameters, and immune response. Aquac Nutr. 2022 May 12;717003:1-10. Go to original source...
    43. Zhou P, Xie J. Effect of different thawing methods on the quality of mackerel (Pneumatophorus japonicus). Food Sci Biotechnol. 2021 Aug 29;30(9):1213-23. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content