Czech J. Anim. Sci., 2015, 60(4):185-194 | DOI: 10.17221/8133-CJAS

Feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, and ruminal fermentation activities in sheep fed Atriplex halimus ensiled with three developed enzyme cocktailsOriginal Paper

A.Z.M. Salem1, H. Alsersy2, L.M. Camacho3, M.M. El-Adawy2, M.M.Y. Elghandour1, A.E. Kholif4, N. Rivero5, M.U. Alonso1, A. Zaragoza5
1 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Autonomous University of the State of Mexico, Mexico
2 Faculty of Agriculture, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
3 Faculty of Veterinary and Animal Science, Autonomous University of Guerrero, Altamirano, Mexico
4 Dairy Science Department, National Research Centre, Giza, Egypt
5 Autonomous University of Hidalgo State, Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Academic Area of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, Tulancingo, Mexico

The effects of feeding Atriplex halimus treated with three developed enzyme cocktails to Barki sheep on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, N utilization, and ruminal fermentation were assessed. A. halimus was ensiled with two developed enzyme cocktails of ZAD1® (Z1) and/or ZAD2® (Z2) as liquid enzyme preparations (2 l/t) with 5% molasses and ensiled for 30 days. Three Barki rams (45 ± 3.2 kg) were used per treatment in five consecutive digestibility trials, while three ewes fitted with a permanent rumen fistula were used as source of inoculum for in vitro rumen fermentation trials. Barley grain (300 g/animal/day) was fed as energy supplement during the experimental trial for all diets. Five diets were composed as follows: A. halimus (leaves and stems) (D1); untreated A. halimus plus 4 g/animal/day ZADO® (Z) (enzyme preparation in powder form) (D2); A. halimus ensiled with Z1 and barley plus 4 g/animal/day Z (D3); A. halimus ensiled with Z2 and barley (D3) plus 4 g/animal/day Z (D4); A. halimus ensiled with a combination of Z1 and Z2 (1 : 1) and barley plus 4 g/head/day Z (D5). For all trials, ad libitum A. halimus was offered twice a day at 9:00 and 16:00 h while barley grain was given once a day at 10:00 h. Both D1 and D2 diets increased (P <0.001) dry matter intake of A. halimus and total dry matter intake. Addition of 4 g/day of Z to Z1 and/or Z2 ensiled diets improved (P < 0.0001) organic matter, crude protein, crude fibre, and neutral detergent fibre digestibilities. Diets D1 and D2 increased (P < 0.001) N intake, whereas the direct addition of Zto D3, D4, and D5 decreased (P < 0.001) N balance and N balance/N absorption ratio. Sheep fed on Z in addition to Z2 ensiled A. halimus showed higher improvements for total volatile fatty acids (P < 0.001), ammonia N (P = 0.007), and microbial protein production (P = 0.003). It can be concluded that feeding sheep on A. halimus ensiled with Z1 and Z2 with direct feeding of Zenzyme preparation improved intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance and utilization, as well as rumen fermentation.

Keywords: direct-fed enzyme; exogenous enzymes; nutritive value; performance; saltbushes

Published: April 30, 2015  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Salem AZM, Alsersy H, Camacho LM, El-Adawy MM, Elghandour MMY, Kholif AE, et al.. Feed intake, nutrient digestibility, nitrogen utilization, and ruminal fermentation activities in sheep fed Atriplex halimus ensiled with three developed enzyme cocktails. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 2015;60(4):185-194. doi: 10.17221/8133-CJAS.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Abd El-Rahman H.H., Mohamed M.I., Gehad A.E.A., Awadallah I.M. (2006): Ameliorating the anti-nutritional factors effect in Atriplex halimus on sheep and goats by ensiling or polyethylene glycol supplementation. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology, 8, 766-769.
    2. Adesogan A.T. (2005): Improving forage quality and animal performance with fibrolytic enzymes. In: Proc. Florida Ruminant Nutrition Symposium, Gainesville, USA, 91-109.
    3. Al-Owaimer A.N., El-Waziry A.M., Koohmaraie M., Zahran S.M. (2011): The use of ground date pits and Atriplex halimus as alternative feeds for sheep. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 5, 1154-1161.
    4. Al-Rabbat M.F., Baldwin R.L., Weir W.C. (1971): In vitro 15 Nitrogen-tracer technique for some kinetic measures of ruminal ammonia. Journal of Dairy Science, 54, 1150- 1161. Go to original source...
    5. Alsersy A., Salem A.Z.M., Borhami B.E., Olivares J., Gado H.M., Mariezcurrena M.D., Yacuot M.H., Kholif A.E., El-Adawy M., Hernandez S.R. (2015): Effect of Mediterranean saltbush (Atriplex halimus) ensilaging with two developed enzyme cocktails on feed intake, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in sheep. Animal Science Journal, 86, 51-58. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. AOAC (1997): Official Methods of Analysis. 16 th Ed. Arlington, USA.
    7. Borhami B.E., El-Shazly K., Abou-Akkada A.R., Naga M.A., Abaza A.M. (1979): Nitrogen (N15) utilization and microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of cattle. Journal of Animal Science, 49, 1306-1311. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    8. Borhami B.E., Fahmy W.G., El-Shazly K. (1992): Rumen environment microbial protein synthesis and nitrogen balance in sheep. In: Proc. Internat. Conference Manipulation of Rumen Microorganisms, Alexandria, Egypt, 85-97.
    9. Carroll E.J., Hungate R.E. (1954): The magnitude of microbial fermentation in the bovine rumen. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 2, 205-214. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Chung Y.H., Zhou M., Holtshausen L., Alexander T.W., McAllister T.A., Guan L.L., Oba M., Beauchemin K.A. (2012): A fibrolytic enzyme additive for lactating Holstein cow diets: ruminal fermentation, rumen microbial populations, and enteric methane emissions. Journal of Dairy Science, 95, 1419-1427. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    11. Elghandour M.M.Y., Salem A.Z.M., Ronquillo M., Borquez J.L., Gado H.M., Odongo N.E., Penuelas C.G. (2013): Effect of exogenous enzymes on in vitro gas production kinetics and ruminal fermentation of four fibrous feeds. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 179, 46-53. Go to original source...
    12. El-Shazly K., Hungate R.E. (1965): Fermentation capacity as a measure of net growth of rumen microorganisms. Appllied Microbiology, 13, 62-69. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    13. El-Shazly K., Ahmed E.I.A., Naga M.A., Borhami B.E.A. (1976): A colorimetric technique using chromium-ethylene diamine tetra acetate for measuring rumen volume. Journal of Agricultural Science, 87, 369-373. Go to original source...
    14. Eun J.S., Beauchemin K.A., Hong S.H., Bauer M.W. (2006): Exogenous enzymes added to untreated or ammoniated rice straw: effects on in vitro fermentation characteristics and degradability. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 131, 87-102. Go to original source...
    15. Facchini F.D., Vici A.C., Benassi V.M., Freitas L.A., Reis R.A., Jorge J.A., Terenzi H.F., Mde L. (2011): Optimization of fibrolytic enzyme production by Aspergillus japonicus C03 with potential application in ruminant feed and their effects on tropical forages hydrolysis. Bioprocess and Biosystems, 34, 1027-1038. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    16. Gado H.M., Salem A.Z.M., Robinson P.H., Hassan M. (2009): Influence of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility, extent of ruminal fermentation as well as milk production and composition in dairy cows. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 154, 36-46. Go to original source...
    17. Gado H.M., Salem A.Z.M., Odongo N.E., Borhami B.E. (2011): Influence of exogenous enzymes ensiled with orange pulp on digestion and growth performance in lambs. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 165, 131-136. Go to original source...
    18. Gado H.M., Salem A.Z.M., Camacho L.M., Elghandour M.M.Y., Salazar M.C. (2013): Influence of exogenous enzyme on in vitro ruminal degradation of ensiled rice straw with DDGS. Animal Nutrition and Feed Technology, 13, 569-574.
    19. Giraldo L.A., Tejido M.L., Ranilla M.J., Carro M.D. (2008): Effects of exogenous fibrolytic enzymes on in vitro ruminal fermentation of substrates with different forage : concentrate ratios. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 141, 306-325. Go to original source...
    20. Hristov A.N., McAllister T.A., Cheng K.J. (2000): Intraruminal supplementation with increasing levels of exogenous polysaccharide-degrading enzymes: effects on nutrient digestion in cattle fed a barley grain diet. Journal of Animal Science, 78, 477-487. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Hungate R.E. (1965): The Rumen and Its Microbes. Academic Press, New York, USA.
    22. Khattab H.M., Gado H.M., Kholif A.E., Mansour A.M., Kholif A.M. (2011): The potential of feeding goats sun dried rumen contents with or without bacterial inoculums as replacement for berseem clover and the effects on milk production and animal health. International Journal of Dairy Science, 6, 267-277. Go to original source...
    23. Kholif S.M., Gado H.M., Morsy T.A., El-Bordeny N., Abedo A.A. (2012): Influence of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility, blood composition, milk production and its composition as well as milk fatty acids profile in dairy buffaloes. Egyptian Journal of Nutrition and Feeds, 15, 13-22.
    24. Krueger N.A., Adesogan A.T., Staples C.R., Krueger W.K., Kim S.C., Littell R.C., Sollenberger L.E. (2008): Effect of method of applying fibrolytic enzymes or ammonia to Bermuda grass hay on feed intake, digestion, and growth of beef steers. Journal of Animal Science, 86, 882-889. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    25. Le Houerou H.N. (1993): Environmental aspects of fodder trees and shrubs plantation in the Mediterranean Basin. In: Papanastasis V. (ed.): Agriculture A Grimed Research Program: Fodder Trees and Shrubs in the Mediterranean Production Systems: Objectives and Expected Results of the EC Research Contract. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels, Belgium, 11-34.
    26. Makkar H.P.S. (2003): Effects and fate of tannins in ruminant animals, adaptation to tannins and strategies to overcome detrimental effects of tannin rich feeds. Small Ruminant Research, 49, 241-256. Go to original source...
    27. Masters D.G., Benes S.E., Norman H.C. (2007): Biosaline agriculture for forage and livestock production. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 119, 234-248. Go to original source...
    28. McAllister T.A., Hristov A.N., Beauchemin K.A., Rode L.M., Cheng K.-J. (2001): Enzymes in ruminant diets. In: Bedford M., Partridge G. (eds): Enzymes in Farm Animal Nutrition. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, UK, 273-298. Go to original source...
    29. Morgavi D.P., Beauchemin K.A., Nsereko V.L., Rode L.M., McAllister M., Wang Y. (2000): A trichoderma feed enzyme preparation enhances adhesion of Fibrobacter succinogenes to complex substrates but not to pure cellulose. In: 25th Conf. on Rumen Function, Chicago, USA, 33.
    30. Norman H.C., Dynes R.A., Rintoul A.J., Wilmot M.G., Masters D.G. (2004): Sheep production from saline land - productivity from old man and river Saltbush and the value of grain and straw supplements. In: Australian Society of Animal Production (ed.): Animal Production in Australia. Proc. 25th Biennial Conf. of the Australian Society of Animal Production, Melbourne, Australia, 289.
    31. Norman H.C., Masters D.G., Wilmot M.G., Rintoul A.J. (2008): Effect of supplementation with grain, hay or straw on the performance of weaner Merino sheep grazing old man (Atriplex nummularia) or river (Atriplex amnicola) saltbush. Grass and Forage Science, 63, 179-192. Go to original source...
    32. NRC (1985): Nutrient Requirements of Sheep. 6th Ed. The National Academies Press, Washington, USA.
    33. NRC (2001): Nutrient Requirements of Dairy Cattle. 7 th Ed. The National Academies Press, Washington, USA.
    34. Nsereko V.L., Morgavi D.P., Rode L.M., Beauchemin K.A., McAllister T.A. (2000): Effects of fungal enzyme preparations on hydrolysis and subsequent degradation of alfalfa hay fiber by mixed rumen microorganisms in vitro. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 88, 153-170. Go to original source...
    35. Nsereko V.L., Beauchemin K.A., Morgavi D.P., Rode L.M., Furtado A.F. (2002): Effect of a fibrolytic enzyme preparation from Trichoderma longibrachiatum on the rumen microbial population of dairy cows. Canadian Journal of Microbiology, 48, 14-20. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Papanastasis V.P., Yiakoulaki M.D., Decandia M., DiniPapanastasi O. (2008): Integrating woody species into livestock feeding in the Mediterranean areas of Europe. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 140, 1-17. Go to original source...
    37. Salem A.Z.M., Salem M.Z.M., El-Adawy M.M., Robinson P.H. (2006): Nutritive evaluations of some browse tree foliages during the dry season: secondary compounds, feed intake and in vivo digestibility in sheep and goats. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 127, 251-267. Go to original source...
    38. Salem A.Z.M., El-Adawy M.M., Gado H.M., Camacho L.M., Ronquillo M., Alsersy H., Borhami B. (2011): Effects of exogenous enzymes on nutrients digestibility and growth performance in sheep and goats. Tropical and Subtropical Agroecosystems, 14, 867-874. Go to original source...
    39. Salem A.Z.M., Hassan A.A., Khalil M.S., Gado H.M., Alsersy H., Simbaya J. (2012a): Effects of sun-drying and exogenous enzymes on nutrients intake, digestibility and nitrogen utilization in sheep fed Atriplex halimus foliages. Animal Feed Science and Technology, 171, 128-135. Go to original source...
    40. Salem A.Z.M., Szumacher-Strabel M., Lopez S., Khalil M.S., Mendoza G.D., Ammar H. (2012b): In situ degradability of soyabean meal treated with Acacia saligna and Atriplex halimus extracts in sheep. Journal of Animal and Feed Sciences, 21, 447-457. Go to original source...
    41. Salem A.Z.M., Gado H.M., Colombatto D., Eghandour M.M.Y. (2013): Effect of exogenous enzymes on nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation and growth performance in beef steers. Livestock Science, 154, 69-73. Go to original source...
    42. Salem A.Z.M., Buendia-Rodriguez G., Elghandour M.M.Y., Mariezcurrena Berasain M.A., Pena Jimenez F.J., Pliego A.B., Chagoyan J.C.V., Cerrillo M.A., Rodriguez M.A. (2015): Effects of cellulase and xylanase enzymes mixed with increasing doses of Salix babylonica extract on in vitro rumen gas production kinetics of a mixture of corn silage with concentrate. Journal of Integrative Agriculture, 14, 131-139. Go to original source...
    43. Togtokhbayar N., Salem A.Z.M., Jigjidpurev S., Shinekhuu J., Urantulkhuur D., Nergui D., Odongo N.E., Kholif A.E. (2015): Effect of xylanase on rumen in vitro gas production and degradability of wheat straw. Animal Science Journal, doi: 10.1111/asj.12364. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    44. Treacher R.J., Hunt C.W. (1996): Recent developments in feed enzymes for ruminant rations. In: Proc. Pacific Northwest Animal Nutrition Conference, Seattle, USA, 37-54.
    45. Valdes K.I., Salem A.Z.M., Lopez S., Alonso M.U., Rivero N., Elghandour M.M.Y., Dominguez I.A., Ronquillo M.G., Kholif A.E. (2015): Influence of exogenous enzymes in presence of Salix babylonica extract on digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and performance of lambs fed maize silage. The Journal of Agricultural Science, doi: 10.1017/S0021859614000975. Go to original source...
    46. Van Soest P.J., Robertson J.B., Lewis B.A. (1991): Methods for dietary fibre, neutral detergent fibre, and non-starch carbohydrates in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science, 74, 3583-3597. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Walker D.J. (1965): Energy metabolism and rumen microorganisms. In: Physiology of Digestion in the Ruminants. Butterworth Inc., Washington, USA.
    48. Wang Y., McAllister T.A., Rode L.M., Beauchemin K.A., Morgavi D.P., Nsereko V.L., Iwaasa A.D., YangW. (2001): Effects of an exogenous enzyme preparation on microbial protein synthesis, enzyme activity and attachment to feed in the Rumen simulation technique (Rusitec). British Journal of Nutrition, 85, 325-332. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. Warner A.C. (1964): Production of volatile fatty acids in the rumen: methods of measurement. Nutrition Abstracts and Reviews, 34, 339-352. Go to PubMed...
    50. Yang W.Z., Beauchemin K.A., Rode L.M. (1999): Effects of an enzyme feed additive on extent of digestion and milk production of lactating dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 391-403. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content