Czech J. Anim. Sci., 2025, 70(5):161-172 | DOI: 10.17221/180/2024-CJAS

Effect of polyphenol-rich oil palm empty fruit bunch extract on in vitro rumen fermentation, fatty acid profile and microbial populationOriginal Paper

Nur Liyana Akmal Harun ORCID...1, Anjas Asmara Samsudin ORCID...1,3, Awis Qurni Sazili ORCID...3,4, Yong Meng Goh ORCID...1,2
1 Laboratory of Sustainable Animal Production and Biodiversity, Institute of Tropical Agriculture and Food Security, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
2 Department of Veterinary Preclinical Science, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
3 Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University Putra Malaysia, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
4 Halal Products Research Institute, University Putra Malaysia, Putra Infoport, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of oil palm empty fruit bunch (OPEFB) extract on in vitro rumen fermentation, fatty acid profile, and microbial population. Rumen fluid was obtained from three female dairy goats fed a similar diet of 60% Napier grass and 40% commercial pellets. The substrate used for the fermentation was a Napier grass and commercial pellet mixture (60 : 40 in dry matter) and the treatment diets were: CON (substrate without OPEFB extract), OPEFB-5 (substrate with 5% of OPEFB extract), OPEFB-10 (substrate with 10% of OPEFB extract). The characteristics of rumen fermentation including pH, fermentation kinetics, total gas production, volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, fatty acid (FA) production, and microbial populations were examined. Results showed that OPEFB supplementation decreased rumen acetate concentration, increased isoacid concentrations as well as palmitic acid concentration. Meanwhile, the population of total bacteria, protozoa, and B. fibrisolvens decreased with the OPEFB supplementation. OPEFB-5 resulted in a moderate amount of acetate, isobutyrate, isovalerate concentration, insoluble fraction of gas production (but degradable), estimated potential gas production as well as B. fibrisolvens population when compared with the control and OPEFB-10 diet. Therefore it is suggested that the supplementation of OPEFB extract at 5% is suitable and practical to be used in ruminant feed without causing an imperative effect on rumen fermentation.

Keywords: B. fibrisolvens; empty fruit bunch extract; fermentation kinetics; protozoa population; volatile fatty acids; total gas production

Received: October 30, 2024; Accepted: April 15, 2025; Prepublished online: May 27, 2025; Published: May 28, 2025  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Harun NLA, Samsudin AA, Sazili AQ, Meng Goh Y. Effect of polyphenol-rich oil palm empty fruit bunch extract on in vitro rumen fermentation, fatty acid profile and microbial population. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 2025;70(5):161-172. doi: 10.17221/180/2024-CJAS.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Abdullah N, Sulaiman F. The oil palm wastes in Malaysia. In: Matovic MD, editor. Biomass now: Sustainable growth and use. InTech; 2013;1(3):75-100. Go to original source...
    2. Al-Gorany SM, Al-Abachi SZ, Abdulwadood IA, Entesar EA. Preliminary phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of bioactive constituents in the ethanolic extract of empty fruit bunches. J Clean WAS. 2020;4(2):70-4. Go to original source...
    3. Almeida OC, Pires AV, Susin I, Gentil RS, Mendes CQ, Queiroz MAA, Ferreira EM, Eastridge ML. Milk fatty acids profile and arterial blood milk fat precursors concentration of dairy goats fed increasing doses of soybean oil. Small Rumin Res. 2013;114(1):152-60. Go to original source...
    4. AOAC - Official Methods of Analysis. 16th ed. Washington, DC: Association of Official Analytical Chemists; 1999. 930.15, 984.13.
    5. Avila AS, Zambom MA, Faccenda A, Fischer ML, Anschau FA, Venturini T, Tinini RCR, Jessica G, Dessbesell JG, Faciola AP. Effects of black wattle (Acacia mearnsii) condensed tannins on intake, protozoa population, ruminal fermentation, and nutrient digestibility in Jersey steers. Animals. 2020;10(6):1011. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Boeckaert C, Vlaeminck B, Fievez V, Maignien L, Dijkstra J, Boon N. Accumulation of trans C18:1 fatty acids in the rumen after dietary algal supplementation is associated with changes in the Butyrivibrio community. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2008;74(22):6923-30. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Cabiddu A, Molle G, Decandia M, Spada S, Fiori M, Piredda G, Addis M. Responses to condensed tannins of flowering sulla (Hedysarum coronarium L.) grazed by dairy sheep: Part 2: Effects on milk fatty acid profile. Livest Sci. 2009;123(2-3):230-40. Go to original source...
    8. Cone JW, van Gelder AH. Influence of protein fermentation on gas production profiles. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 1999;76(3-4):251-64. Go to original source...
    9. Dai X, Faciola AP. Evaluating strategies to reduce ruminal protozoa and their impacts on nutrient utilization and animal performance in ruminants: A meta-analysis. Front Microbiol. 2019;10:2648. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    10. Ebrahimi M, Rajion MA, Meng GY, Shokryzadan P, Sazili AQ, Jahromi MF. Feeding oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) fronds alters rumen protozoal population and ruminal fermentation pattern in goats. Ital J Anim Sci. 2015;14(3):3877. Go to original source...
    11. Fievez V, Babayemi OJ, Demeyer D. Estimation of direct and indirect gas production in syringes: A tool to estimate short chain fatty acid production that requires minimal laboratory facilities. Anim Feed Sci Technol. 2005;123-124(1):197-210. Go to original source...
    12. Filipek J, Dvorak R. Determination of the volatile fatty acid content in the rumen liquid: Comparison of gas chromatography and capillary isotachophoresis. Acta Vet Brno. 2009;78(4):627-33. Go to original source...
    13. Han N, May C. Determination of antioxidants in oil palm empty fruit bunches. Am J Appl Sci. 2012;9(11):1862-7. Go to original source...
    14. Hiai S, Oura H, Nakajima T. Color reaction of some sapogenins and saponins with vanillin and sulfuric acid. Planta Med. 1976;29(2):116-22. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    15. Hume ID. Synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen. II. A response to higher volatile fatty acids. Aust J Agric Res. 1970;21(2):297-304. Go to original source...
    16. Ismail HI, Chan KW, Mariod AA, Ismail M. Phenolic content and antioxidant activity of cantaloupe (Cucumis melo) methanolic extracts. Food Chem. 2010;119(2):643-7. Go to original source...
    17. Jaffri JM, Mohamed S, Ahmad IN, Mustapha NM, Manap YA, Rohimi N. Effects of catechin-rich oil palm leaf extract on normal and hypertensive rats' kidney and liver. Food Chem. 2011;128(2):433-41. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    18. Jones GA, McAllister TA, Muir AD, Cheng KJ. Effects of sainfoin (Onobrychis viciifolia Scop.) condensed tannins on growth and proteolysis by four strains of ruminal bacteria. Appl Environ Microbiol. 1994;60(4):1374-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    19. Khiaosa-Ard R, Bryner SF, Scheeder MRL, Wettstein HR, Leiber F, Kreuzer M, Soliva CR. Evidence for the inhibition of the terminal step of ruminal alpha-linolenic acid biohydrogenation by condensed tannins. J Dairy Sci. 2009;92(1):177-88. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    20. Kim ET, Guan LL, Lee SJ, Lee SM, Lee SS, Lee ID, Lee SK, Lee SS. Effects of flavonoid-rich plant extracts on in vitro ruminal methanogenesis, microbial populations and fermentation characteristics. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2015;28(4):530-7. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    21. Koike S, Kobayashi Y. Development and use of competitive PCR assays for the rumen cellulolytic bacteria: Fibrobacter succinogenes, Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. FEMS Microbiol Lett. 2001;204(2):361-6. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    22. Lane DJ. 16S/23S rRNA sequencing. In: Stackebrandt E, Goodfellow M, editors. Nucleic acid techniques in bacterial systematics. New York: John Wiley & Sons; 1991. p. 115-75.
    23. Matthews C, Crispie F, Lewis E, Reid M, O'Toole PW, Cotter PD. The rumen microbiome: A crucial consideration when optimising milk and meat production and nitrogen utilisation efficiency. Gut Microbes. 2019;10(2):115-32. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    24. Miller TL. Ecology of methane production and hydrogen sinks in the rumen. In: Engelhardt WV, Leonhard-Marek S, Breves G, Giesecke D, editors. Ruminant physiology: Digestion, metabolism, growth and reproduction. Stuttgart: Ferdinand Enke Verlag; 1995. p. 317-31.
    25. Nathani NM, Patel AK, Mootapally CS, Reddy B, Shah SV, Lunagaria PM, Kothari RK, Joshi CG. Effect of roughage on rumen microbiota composition in the efficient feed converter and sturdy Indian Jaffrabadi buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). BMC Genomics. 2015;16:1116. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    26. Ng KI, Sipaut CS, Nasri M, Janaun JA. Oil extraction from oil palm empty fruit bunches with crystallization technique. Sains Malays. 2020;49(8):2005-11. Go to original source...
    27. Noziere P, Glasser F, Sauvant D. In vivo production and molar percentages of volatile fatty acids in the rumen: A quantitative review by an empirical approach. Animal. 2011;5(3):403-14. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    28. Nur Atikah I, Alimon AR, Yaakub H, Abdullah N, Jahromi MF, Ivan M, Samsudin AA. Profiling of rumen fermentation, microbial population and digestibility in goats fed with dietary oils containing different fatty acids. BMC Vet Res. 2018;14:344. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    29. Or-Rashid MM, Odongo NE, McBride BW. Fatty acid composition of ruminal bacteria and protozoa, with emphasis on conjugated linoleic acid, vaccenic acid, and odd-chain and branched-chain fatty acids. J Anim Sci. 2007;85(5):1228-34. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    30. Orskov ER, McDonald I. The estimation of protein degradability in the rumen from incubation measurements weighted according to rate of passage. J Agric Sci. 1979;92(2):499-503. Go to original source...
    31. Parsons TR. A Manual of chemical & biological methods for seawater analysis. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 2013. p. 14-7.
    32. Piantoni P, Lock AL, Allen MS. Palmitic acid increased yields of milk and milk fat and nutrient digestibility across production level of lactating cows. J Dairy Sci. 2013;96(11):7143-54. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    33. Quettier-Deleu C, Gressier B, Vasseur J, Dine T, Brunet C, Luyckx M, Cazin M, Cazin JC, Bailleul F, Trotin F. Phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) hulls and flour. J Ethnopharmacol. 2000;72(1-2):35-42. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    34. Rodriguez Hernaez J, Ceron Cucchi ME, Cravero S, Martinez MC, Gonzalez S, Puebla A, Dopazo J, Farber M, Paniego N, Rivarola M. The first complete genomic structure of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and its chromid. Microb Genom. 2018;4(10):e000216. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    35. Salem AZ, Kholif AE, Elghandour MM, Hernandez SR, Dominguez-Vara IA, Mellado M. Effect of increasing levels of seven tree species extracts added to a high concentrate diet on in vitro rumen gas output. Anim Sci J. 2014;85(9):853-60. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    36. Samadhi TW, Wulandari W, Tirtabudi KR. Oil palm empty fruit bunch ash valorization through potassium extraction. IOP Conf Ser Mater Sci Eng. 2020;823:012035. Go to original source...
    37. Satter LD, Slyter LL. Effect of ammonia concentration on rumen microbial protein production in vitro. Br J Nutr. 1974;32(2):199-208. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    38. Schettino B, Vega S, Gutierrez R, Escobar A, Romero J, Dominguez E, Gonzalez-Ronquillo M. Fatty acid profile of goat milk in diets supplemented with chia seed (Salvia hispanica L.). J Dairy Sci. 2017;100(8):6256-65. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    39. Sears A, Gonzalez O, Alberto A, Young A, de Souza J, Relling A, Batistel F. Effect of feeding a palmitic acid-enriched supplement on production responses and nitrogen metabolism of mid-lactating Holstein and Jersey cows. J Dairy Sci. 2020;103(10):8898-907. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    40. Sylvester JT, Karnati SK, Yu Z, Morrison M, Firkins JL. Development of an assay to quantify rumen ciliate protozoal biomass in cows using real-time PCR. J Nutr. 2004;134(12):3378-84. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Tocci N, Weil T, Perenzoni D, Narduzzi L, Madrinan S, Crockett S, Nurk NM, Cavalieri D, Mattivi F. Phenolic profile, chemical relationship and antifungal activity of Andean Hypericum species. Ind Crops Prod. 2018;112:32-7. Go to original source...
    42. Tyagi AK, Shandilya UK, Srivastava A, Tyagi A, Kumar M, Rastogi S, Rawat AKS, Singh RRB. Effect of different plant extracts, fatty acid and oils on conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production by Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens. Indian J Anim Sci. 2015;85(3):282-6. Go to original source...
    43. Ugbogu EA, Elghandour MM, Ikpeazu VO, Buendia GR, Molina OM, Arunsi UO, Emmanuel O, Salem AZ. The potential impacts of dietary plant natural products on the sustainable mitigation of methane emission from livestock farming. J Clean Prod. 2019;213:915-25. Go to original source...
    44. Van Soest PV, Robertson JB, Lewis BA. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. J Dairy Sci. 1991;74(10):3583-97. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    45. Vargas-Bello-Perez E, Cancino-Padilla N, Romero J, Garnsworthy PC. Quantitative analysis of ruminal bacterial populations involved in lipid metabolism in dairy cows fed different vegetable oils. Animal. 2016;10(11):1821-8. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    46. Vasta V, Yanez-Ruiz DR, Mele M, Serra A, Luciano G, Lanza M, Biondi L, Priolo A. Bacterial and protozoal communities and fatty acid profile in the rumen of sheep fed a diet containing added tannins. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2010;76(8):2549-55. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    47. Wanapat M, Gunun P, Anantasook N, Kang S. Changes of rumen pH, fermentation and microbial population as influenced by different ratios of roughage (rice straw) to concentrate in dairy steers. J Agric Sci. 2014;152(4):675-85. Go to original source...
    48. Yu Y, Lee C, Kim J, Hwang S. Group-specific primer and probe sets to detect methanogenic communities using quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Biotechnol Bioeng. 2005;89(6):670-9. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    49. Zhou M, Hernandez-Sanabria E, Guan LL. Assessment of the microbial ecology of ruminal methanogens in cattle with different feed efficiencies. Appl Environ Microbiol. 2009;75(20):6524-33. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    50. Zhu Z, Hang S, Mao S, Zhu W. Diversity of Butyrivibrio group bacteria in the rumen of goats and its response to the supplementation of garlic oil. Asian-Australas J Anim Sci. 2014;27(2):179-86. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content