Czech J. Anim. Sci., 2010, 55(1):11-29 | DOI: 10.17221/1708-CJAS

The analysis of relationships between chemical composition, physical, technological and health indicators and freezing point in raw cow milk

O. Hanuš1, J. Frelich2, M. Tomáška3, M. Vyletělová1, V. Genčurová1, J. Kučera4, J. Třináctý1
1 Agrovýzkum Ltd., Rapotín, Czech Republic
2 University of South Bohemia in České Budějovice, Faculty of Agriculture, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
3 Dairy Research Institute in Žilina, Žilina, Slovak Republic
4 Czech Fleckvieh breeders Association, Prague, Czech Republic

The milk freezing point (MFP) is used for the control of milk food chain quality especially for possible adulteration with water. A crucial issue is the acceptance of the legislative discrimination limit (RLDL) of MFP for standard quality. The aim was to explain the relations between MFP and spectrum of milk indicators (MI) and possible impacts of MFP on technological milk properties. 76 bulk milk samples (BMS) from Holstein (1, n = 36) and Czech Fleckvieh (2, n = 40) cattle were analyzed for 48 MIs. The dairy cows were relatively healthy as for the occurrence of production disorders. BMSs were taken from February to June. Extraneous water was excluded. 44 MIs were correlated with the MFP. The relations were not regularly consistent between breeds. Milk yield was connected with MFP (r = 0.40; P < 0.05). It shows the necessity of modification of RLDL of MFP in dependence on dairy cow breeding. Further relations (P ≤ 0.05) were among MFP and: total milk solids (r = -0.50); solids-non-fat (-0.33); crude protein (-0.32); true protein (-0.43); whey protein (-0.47); milk fat (-0.46); electrical conductivity (-0.35); lactose (-0.35); somatic cell count (-0.36); fat/protein ratio (-0.36); milk citric acid (0.47); Na (-0.34). The poor relations (P > 0.05) were among MFP and casein, milk urea and acetone. The cheese-making indicators were not affected by MFP. The MFP was related to milk fermentation indicators (r = from -0.34 to -0.39, P < 0.05). It is important for the control of milk food chain quality by MFP and for the estimation of its RLDL.

Keywords: dairy cow; health state; secretion disorder; milk components; physical indicator; technological property

Published: January 31, 2010  Show citation

ACS AIP APA ASA Harvard Chicago Chicago Notes IEEE ISO690 MLA NLM Turabian Vancouver
Hanuš O, Frelich J, Tomáška M, Vyletělová M, Genčurová V, Kučera J, Třináctý J. The analysis of relationships between chemical composition, physical, technological and health indicators and freezing point in raw cow milk. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 2010;55(1):11-29. doi: 10.17221/1708-CJAS.
Share...
Download citation
  • BibTeX (.bib)
  • Bookends (.ris)
  • EasyBib (.ris)
  • EndNote (.enw)
  • EndNote 8 (.xml)
  • ISI WoS (.isi)
  • Medlars (.medlars)
  • Mendeley (.ris)
  • MODS (.xml)
  • Papers (.ris)
  • RefWorks (.txt)
  • RefManager (.ris)
  • RIS (.ris)
  • MS Word (.xml)
  • Zotero (.ris)
    • Open full article

    References

    1. Agabriel C., Coulon J.B., Marthy G., Cheneau N. (1990): Facteurs de variation du taux protéique du lait de vache. INRA Productions Animales, 3, 137-150. Go to original source...
    2. Agabriel C., Coulon J.B., Marthy G. (1991): Facteurs de variations du rapport des teneurs en matiéres grasses et protéiques du lait de vache. INRA Productions Animales, 4, 141-149. Go to original source...
    3. Andersson L. (1984): Concentrations of blood and milk ketone bodies, blood isopropanol and plasma glucose in dairy cows in relation to the degree of hyperketonaemia and clinical signs. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin, 31, 683-693. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    4. Andersson L. (1988): Subclinical ketosis in dairy cows. Veterinary Clinical of North America: Food Animal Practice, 4, 233-251. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    5. Andersson L., Lundström K. (1984a): Milk and blood ketone bodies, blood isopropanol and plasma glucose in dairy cows, methodical studies and diurnal variations. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin, 31, 340-349. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    6. Andersson L., Lundström K. (1984b): Effect of energy balance on plasma glucose and ketone bodies in blood and milk and influence of hyperketonaemia on milk production of postparturient dairy cows. Zentralblatt für Veterinärmedizin, 31, 539-547. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    7. Bauch W., Huber B., Buchberger J. (1993): Zum Einfluss einiger Parameter auf die Bestimmung des Gefrierpunktes von Milk mit den Cryostar II - LC. DMZ, Deutsche Milchwirtschaftliche Zeitschrift, Lebensmittel und Milchwirtschaft, 114, 112-114.
    8. Benda P., Vyletělová M., Ticháček A. (1997): A metod of prevalence estimation of intramammary Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus agalactiae infections in herds by examination of bulk milk samples. Veterinary Medicine-Czech, 42, 101-109. (in Czech)
    9. Bíro D., Labuda J., Cabadajová M. (1992): Factors influencing cow milk production and fat to protein content ratio. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 37, 6-7, 521-528. (in Slovak)
    10. Brouwer T. (1981): Calculations concerning the determination of the freezing-point depression of milk. Netherlands Milk and Dairy Journal, 35.
    11. Buchberger J. (1994): Zum Gefrierpunkt der Milch: Bewertung und Interpretation. DMZ, Deutsche Milchwirtschaftliche Zeitschrift, 115, 376-383.
    12. Buchberger J., Klostermeyer H. (1995): Determination of freezing point in milk with the "System 4000 MilkoScan" from Foss Electric A/S. DMZ, Deutsche Milchwirtschaftliche Zeitschrift, 23/24, 1-14.
    13. ČSN 57 0530 (1973): Methods for testing of milk and milk products. Vydavatelství úřadu pro normalizaci a měření, Prague, CR. (in Czech)
    14. ČSN ISO 6610 (1996): Milk and milk products - Enumeration of colony forming units of microorganisms Colony-count technique at 30°C. Český normalizační institut, Prague, CR. (in Czech)
    15. ČSN EN ISO 13366-3 (1998): Milk - Enumeration of somatic cells - Part 3: Fluoro-opto-electronic method. Český normalizační institut, Prague, CR. (in Czech)
    16. ČSN 57 0536 (1999): Determination of milk composition by mid-infrared analyzer. Český normalizační institut, Prague, CR. (in Czech)
    17. Demott B.J. (1969): Relationship of freezing point of milk to its specific gravity and concentration of lactose and chloride. Journal of Dairy Science, 52, 882. Go to original source...
    18. Diekmann L. (1992): Energiebilanz vor und nach dem Kalben. Tierzüchter, 2, 72-73.
    19. EEC 92/46, Council Directive (1992): Milk and milk product quality. Official Journal, L 268, 14/9, 1-32.
    20. Eisses J., Zee B. (1980): The freezing point of authentic cow's milk and farm tank milk in the Netherlands. Netherlands Milk and Dairy Journal, 34, 162-180.
    21. Freeman T.R., Bucy J.L. (1967): Distribution of milk freezing points in authentic herd samples. Journal of Dairy Science, 50, 951.
    22. Genčurová V., Hanuš O., Vyletělová M., Landová H., Jedelská R. (2008): The relationships between goat and cow milk freezing point, milk composition and properties. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 39, 324-328.
    23. Gravert H.O., Langer R., Diekmann L., Pabst K., SchulteCoerne H. (1986): Ketonkörper in Milch als Indikatoren für die Energiebilanz der Milchkühe. Züchtungskunde, 58, 309-318.
    24. Gustafsson A.H., Emanuelson U. (1993): Milk acetone as indicator of hyperketonaemia in dairy cows - the critical value revised. EAAP Congr. Aarhus, Denmark, 443.
    25. Hanuš O., Žváčková I., Genčurová V., Gabriel B. (1992): A relationship between milk lactose content and indicators of the mammary gland health in the first third of lactation. Veterinární Medicína, 37, 595-604. (in Czech) Go to PubMed...
    26. Hanuš O., Genčurová V., Ficnar J., Gabriel B., Žváčková I. (1993): The relationship of urea and protein in bulk milk to some breeding factors. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 38, 61-72. (in Czech)
    27. Hanuš O., Ficnar J., Jedelská R., Kopecký J., Beranová A., Gabriel B. (1995): Methodical problems of nitrogen matters determination in cow's milk. Veterinary Medicine - Czech, 40, 387-396. (in Czech)
    28. Hanuš O., Klimeš M., Mihula P., Kozáková A., Jedelská R. (2003): Impacts of the sampling of milk and the basic milk treatment on its freezing point and other compositional parameters. Výzkum v chovu skotu/Cattle Research, XLV, 164, 10-17. (in Czech)
    29. Hanuš O., Frelich J., Kron V., Říha J., Pozdíšek J. (2004a): The checking of the body condition score, health state and nutrition of dairy cows and improvement of their reproduction functions. Zemědělské informace, UZPI Prague, CR. (in Czech)
    30. Hanuš O., Vyletělová M., Genčurová V., Bjelka M., Kopecký J., Jedelská R. (2004b): The importance of the raw milk laboratory testing for the dairy farmers. Mliekarstvo, 35, 31-38. (in Czech)
    31. Hanuš O., Janů L., Macek A., Kopunecz P., Genčurová V. (2006): The effects on milk freezing point of raw cow milk from milking up to its processing. Mliekarstvo, 1, 37, 44-50. (in Czech)
    32. Hanuš O., Genčurová V., Vyletělová M., Landová H., Jedelská R., Kopecký J. (2008a): The comparison of relationships between milk indicators in different species of ruminants in the Czech Republic. Výzkum v chovu skotu/Cattle Research, L, 183, 35-44.
    33. Hanuš O., Vyletělová M., Genčurová V., Hulová I., Landová H. (2008b): Differences of some indicators of raw milk properties and especially mineral composition between small ruminants as compared to cows in the Czech Republic. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, LVI, 5, 51-56. Go to original source...
    34. Hejtmánková A., Kučerová J., Miholová D., Kolihová D., Orsák M. (2002): Levels of selected macro- and microelements in goat milk from farms in the Czech Republic. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 47, 253-260.
    35. Homolka P., Vencl B. (1993): Urea concentrations in milk and their relationship to the crude protein and energy ratio in feed rations. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 38, 529-535. (in Czech)
    36. Chládek G., Čejna V. (2005): The relationships between freezing point of milk and milk components and their changes during lactation in Czech Pied and Holstein cows. Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis, LIII, 5, 63-70. (in Czech) Go to original source...
    37. Janštová B., Dračková M., Navrátilová P., Hadra L., Vorlová L. (2007): Freezing point of raw and heat-treated goat milk. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 52, 394-398. Go to original source...
    38. Jílek F., Řehák D., Volek J., Štípková M., Němcová E., Fiedlerová M., Rajmon R., Švestková D. (2006): Effect of herd, parity, stage of lactation and milk yield on urea concentration in milk. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 51, 510-517. Go to original source...
    39. Kirchgessner M., Roth Maier Dora A., Röhrmoser G. (1985): Harnstoffgehalt in Milch von Kühen mit Energie- bzw. Proteinmangel und anschliessender Realimentation. Zeitschrift für Tierphysiologie Tierernährung und Futtermittelkunde, 53, 264-270. Go to original source...
    40. Kirchgessner M., Kreuzer M., Roth Maier Dora A. (1986): Milk urea and protein content to diagnose energy and protein malnutrition of dairy cows. Archives of Animal Nutrition, 36, 192-197. Go to original source... Go to PubMed...
    41. Kirchnerová K., Foltys V. (2005): The biochemical parameters of milk quality in relationship to freezing point. In: Proceedings: XXXII. seminar about quality of foodstuff and foostuff raw materials. MZLU Brno, CR, 17. (in Slovak)
    42. Kološta M. (2003): Effect of pasture dairy cow nourishment level on the milk freezing point. Mliekarstvo, 34, 25-27. (in Slovak)
    43. Koops J., Kerkhof Mogot M.F., van Hemert H. (1989): Routine testing of farm tank milk by infra-red analysis. IV Prediction of the freezing-point depression from infra-red measurements and conductivity. Netherlands Milk and Dairy Journal, 43, 3-16.
    44. Kovářová K., Ledvinka Z., Samek M., Vojáček P. (2005): The trend functions and correlation regressional relationships of milk quality parameters. In: Proceedings: XXXII. seminar about quality of foodstuff and foostuff raw materials. MZLU Brno, CR, 20. (in Czech)
    45. Macek A., Hanuš O., Genčurová V., Vyletělová M., Kopecký J. (2008): The relations of sheep's and cow's freezing point of milk to its composition and properties. Scientia Agriculturae Bohemica, 39, 329-334.
    46. Meloun M., Militký J. (1992): Statistical processing of experimental data by personal computer. Díl IIA, Pardubice, CR, 102. (in Czech)
    47. Meloun M., Militký J. (1994): Statistical processing of experimental data. Plus spol. s r.o. (in Czech)
    48. ON 57 0534 (1987): Determination of milk-yoghourt fermentation ability. Úřad pro normalizaci a měření, Prague, CR. (in Czech)
    49. Pechová A., Illek J., Pavlata L. (2000): Factor affecting the fat concentration in cow milk. Veterinářství, 6, 238-241. (in Czech)
    50. Rasmussen M.D., Bjerring M. (2005): Development of bulk milk quality from herds with automatic milking system. 26th-28th April, ICAR Technical Series - No 10, Physiological and Technical Aspects of Machine Milking, Nitra, Slovak Republic, 71-86.
    51. Regulation (EC) (2004): No. 853/2004. Official Journal of the European Union, L 226/22.
    52. Regulation 638/2004 (2004): Order 638/2004 about veterinary demands on milk and milk products. (in Czech)
    53. Rohm H., Pleschberger C., Foissy F. (1991): Der Gefrierpunkt pasteurisierter Milch in Österreich. Ernährung/ Nutrition, 15, 667-671.
    54. Řehák D., Rajmon R., Kubešová M., Štípková M., Volek J., Jílek F. (2009): Relationships between milk urea and production and fertility traits in Holstein dairy herds in the Czech Republic. Czech Journal of Animal Science, 54, 193-200. Go to original source...
    55. Schulz T. (1997): Ohne formeln und Tabellen die Leistung gesteigert. Top Agrar, 5, 20-22.
    56. Unglaub W. (1983): Untersuchung zur Bestimmung und zum Gehalt des Azeton in Milch. Tierärztliche Umschau, 534-543.
    57. Walstra P., Jenness R. (1984): Dairy Chemistry and Physics. New York - Chichester - Brisbane - Toronto - Singapore.
    58. Wiedemann M., Buchberger J., Klostermeyer H. (1993): Ursachen für anomale Gefrierpunkte der Rohmilch. Deutsche Milchwirtschaftliche Zeitschrift, 1. und 2. Mitteilung, 22, 634-644, 23, 656-663.

    This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International (CC BY NC 4.0), which permits non-comercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original publication is properly cited. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.


    Return to the content