Czech J. Anim. Sci., 2025, 70(12):499-517 | DOI: 10.17221/146/2025-CJAS

Endogenous inhibitory compounds in bovine milk, their significance and methods of detection

Marcela Klimesova ORCID...1, Ludmila Krizova ORCID...2, Hana Nejeschlebova ORCID...1, Oto Hanus ORCID...1, Lenka Vorlova ORCID...3
1 Dairy Research Institute, Prague, Czech Republic
2 Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czech Republic
3 Department of Animal Origin Food and Gastronomic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Hygiene and Ecology, University of Veterinary Sciences Brno, Brno, Czech Republic

Raw cow’s milk is one of the most strictly controlled commodities in the food industry. Besides basic hygienic and nutritional parameters, the presence of inhibitory and contaminant substances plays a critical role in technological quality and safety. While the vast majority of inhibitory residues are represented by antibiotics originating from mastitis prevention and therapy, milk also contains a broad spectrum of naturally occurring native antimicrobial compounds. These include immunoglobulins, lactoferrin, lysozyme, lactoperoxidase, phosphatases, lipases, and proteases acting as integral elements of the innate immune system within the mammary gland. Although these substances are not legislatively regulated, they significantly influence milk processing, starter culture growth, cheese yield, and shelf-life of final dairy products. Their concentration is strongly associated with animal health status, especially mastitis, and may thus also serve as an indirect quality indicator. This review provides a comprehensive overview of native inhibitory compounds in bovine milk, their concentration ranges, biological significance, impact on dairy technology, and the analytical methods currently used for their detection.

Keywords: immunoglobulins; lactoferrin; lactoperoxidase; lipase; lysozyme; phosphatase; protease; raw milk

Received: October 21, 2025; Accepted: December 10, 2025; Prepublished online: December 11, 2025; Published: December 30, 2025  Show citation

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Klimesova M, Krizova L, Nejeschlebova H, Hanus O, Vorlova L. Endogenous inhibitory compounds in bovine milk, their significance and methods of detection. Czech J. Anim. Sci. 2025;70(12):499-517. doi: 10.17221/146/2025-CJAS.
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